| Chicago Manual of Style (CMS)
Unlike the APA and MLA methods, the Chicago Manual of Style
favors citations that appear at the bottom of each page (footnotes) or
at the end of the text of the paper (endnotes) rather than in-text documentation.
This form of citation allows for a greater breadth of information to be
included in the citation as well as for what are known as "extended
footnotes," documentation that not only provides the necessary bibliographical
information but also comments on the source, including discussions peripheral
to the main argument. Since historians need to be able to refer quickly
to details pertaining to the source documents in question, CMS is the
preferred style of many history departments. This method of documentation
is alternately known as Chicago-Turabian, in recognition of Kate Turabian,
one of its authors and editors, who published a condensed version of the
Manual.
According to the latest edition of the Chicago Manual of Style
(15th), the first reference to a particular source must provide a full
citation. These details include the author's initials, last name, the
title and subtitle of the source (the subtitle is separated by a colon,
and the full title is underlined), the edition (if applicable), the city
of its publication, the publisher, the year it was published, and the
page number(s). Most of this information can be found on the back of the
frontispiece or title page. The second reference to the same source can
be abbreviated to the author's last name and the page number, unless you
refer to other works by the same author, in which case you also need to
provide the last name, title (underlined), and page number(s). If the
third and fourth reference follow in sequence, then the citation may be
abbreviated to Ibid. (Latin for ibidem, "in the
same place").
1 J. L. Granatstein, Who Killed the
Canadian Military? (Toronto: Harper Collins, 2004), 74.
2 Granatstein, Who Killed the Canadian Military?,
75.
3 Ibid., 76.
| Help!
In most word processors, the footnote and endnote tool can be found
under Insert/Reference/Footnote on the toolbar. This tool will automatically
superscript the note for you and place it in sequence. Regardless
of which form you chose, footnote or endnote, be sure to be consistent.
You cannot mix footnotes with endnotes.
The advantage of the full citation method in footnoting and endnoting
is that when it comes time to prepare a bibliography—a
list of sources consulted in the preparation of the paper—it
is then possible to copy and paste the notes, place them in alphabetical
order according to author's last name, provide the full name (if
identified on the source), replace the commas with periods, and
omit page numbers (save only in the case of journal articles). How
this is done will be evident in the examples below, where an illustrative
footnote/endnote item is followed by a corresponding full bibliographic
citation. These illustrative entries pay homage to the remarkable
range and productivity of military historian and RMC alumnus Jack
Granatstein (class of '61). |
In the examples of CMS style below, an illustrative footnote/endnote
item is followed by a corresponding full bibliographic citation.
One author
1 J. L. Granatstein, Who Killed the Canadian Military?
(Toronto: Harper Collins, 2004), 74.
Granatstein, Jack Lawrence. Who Killed the Canadian Military?
Toronto: Harper Collins, 2004.
Two or three authors
2 J.L. Granatstein and David Stafford,
Spy Wars: Espionage and Canada from Gouzenko to Glasnost (Toronto:
Key Porter Books, 1990), 456-67.
Granatstein, J.L., and David Stafford. Spy
Wars: Espionage and Canada from Gouzenko to Glasnost. Toronto:
Key Porter Books, 1990.
More than three authors:
3 J.L Granatstein et al., Nation:
Canada Since Confederation, 3rd ed. (Toronto: McGraw-Hill, 1990),
78.
Granatstein, J.L., et al. Nation: Canada Since Confederation.
3rd ed. Toronto: McGraw-Hill, 1990.
One editor
4 J.L. Granatstein, ed., Canadian
Foreign Policy: Historical Readings (Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman,
1986), 23-4.
Granatstein, J.L., ed. Canadian Foreign Policy:
Historical Readings. New
Canadian Readings. Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman, 1986.
Two or three editors
5 Andrew Cohen and J.L. Granatstein,
eds., Trudeau's Shadow: The Life and Legacy of Pierre Elliott
Trudeau (Toronto: Random House of Canada, 1998), 34.
Cohen, Andrew, and J.L. Granatstein, eds. Trudeau's
Shadow: The Life and Legacy of Pierre Elliott Trudeau.
Toronto: Random House of Canada, 1998.
More than three editors:
6 Norman Hilmer et al., eds.
On Guard for Thee: War, Ethnicity and the Canadian State
(Ottawa: Canadian Committee for the History of the Second World War,
1988), 12.
Hilmer, Norman, et al. On Guard for Thee:
War, Ethnicity and the Canadian State.
Ottawa: Canadian Committee for the History of the Second
World War, 1988.
Article from an anthology or compilation
7 J.L. Granatstein and Gregory A.
Johnson, "The Evacuation of the Japanese Canadians, 1942: A Realist
Critique of the Received Version," in On Guard for Thee:
War, Ethnicity and the Canadian State, eds. Norman Hilmer et
al. (Ottawa: Canadian Committee for the History of the Second
World War, 1988), 115-16.
Granatstein J.L., and Gregory A. Johnson. "The
Evacuation of the Japanese Canadians, 1942: A Realist Critique of
the Received Version." In On Guard for Thee: War, Ethnicity
and the Canadian State, eds. Norman Hilmer et al. Ottawa:
Canadian Committee for the History of the Second World War,
1988.
Book in a series
8 J.L. Granatstein, ed., Canadian
Foreign Policy: Historical Readings. New Canadian Readings. (Toronto:
Copp Clark Pitman, 1986), 23-4.
Granatstein, J.L., ed. Canadian Foreign Policy:
Historical Readings. New Canadian Readings. Toronto: Copp Clark
Pitman, 1986.
Editions other than the first
9 J.L. Granatstein and Paul Stevens.
Canada Since 1867: A Bibliographical Guide. 2nd ed. (Toronto:
Samuel Stevens Hakkert, 1977), 32.
Granatstein, J.L., and Paul Stevens. Canada
Since 1867: A Bibliographical Guide. 2nd ed. Toronto: Samuel
Stevens Hakkert, 1977.
Introductions, forewords, or prefaces
10 J.L. Granatstein,"Introduction,"
Yankee Go Home: Canadians and Anti-Americanism (Toronto:
Harper Collins, 1996), 9.
Granatstein, J.L. Introduction. Yankee Go
Home: Canadians and Anti-Americanism. Toronto: Harper Collins,
1996. 1-11.
Journal Article
11 J. L. Granatstein, "The American
Influence on the Canadian Military, 1939-1963," Canadian
Military History 2 (1993): 34.
Granatstein, J. L. "The American Influence
on the Canadian Military, 1939-1963." Canadian Military History
2 (1993): 36-73.
Article in a Newspaper
12 J. L. Granatstein, "A politically
correct history leads to a distorted past and a bleak future,"
National Post, August 28,1999, A16.
Granatstein, J. L. "A politically correct
history leads to a distorted past and a bleak future." National
Post, August 28,1999, A16.
Article in a magazine
13 J.L. Granatstein, "On Military
Education," The Conference of Defence Associations Magazine,
November 1998, 2.
Granatstein, J.L. "On Military Education."
The Conference of Defence Associations Magazine. November
1998, 1-2.
Internet source
14 J. L. Granatstein, "Trudeau,
Pierre Elliott," World Book Online Americas
Edition, http://www.worldbookonline.com/wbol/wbPage/ na/ar/co/568550/
(accessed November 23, 2004).
Granatstein, J. L. "Trudeau, Pierre Elliott."
World Book Online Americas
Edition, http://www.worldbookonline.com/wbol/wbPage/ na/ar/co/568550/
(accessed November 23, 2004).
[Chicago style does not employ angle brackets < > around a URL,
as do MLA and APA; the access date of an online source is also optional
for material that is not judged to be time-sensitive.]
Film
15 Canada's War in Colour.
Dir. Karen Shopsowitz. YAP Films, 2005.
Canada's War in Colour. Directed by Karen Shopsowitz. Toronto,
ON: YAP Films, 2005.
Lecture or speech
16 J.L. Granatstein, "Who Killed
Canadian History?" 2000 Priestley Lecture. University of Lethbridge,
University Recital Hall, Lethbridge, March 2, 2000.
Granatstein, J.L. "Who Killed Canadian History."
2000 Priestley Lecture.
University of Lethbridge. University Recital Hall, Lethbridge.
March 2, 2000.
Book Review
17 J.L. Granatstein, "Book Review."
Review of Canada-U.S. Trade Agreement in Historical Perspective,
by Randall White. Canadian Historical Review 70 (1989): 111-12.
Granatstein, J.L. "Book Review." Review
of Canada-U.S. Trade Agreement in Historical Perspective, by
Randall White. Canadian Historical Review 70 (1989): 111-12.
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